Guides: calculations
All guides tagged with "calculations"
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Browse all 26 guides covering calculations topics:
Factory UPS Selection (Topology, kW/kVA & Runtime Checklist)
Pick factory UPS topology, kW/kVA, runtime, SNMP & graceful shutdown. Free RFQ checklist tied to CalcPanel UPS calculators.
Read Full ArticleUPS Runtime Formula: Battery Wh ÷ Load W (+ Example)
Estimate UPS runtime from string voltage, Ah, parallel strings, efficiency and load watts. Includes a consistent 48 V example and OEM-curve limits.
Read Full ArticleIndustrial HVAC Sizing Framework (Rule-of-Thumb vs Detailed Load)
Industrial HVAC sizing framework: when W/m² proxies fail, how to split sensible/latent loads, and when to escalate to detailed calculation. Free examples + calculator links.
Read Full ArticleHow to Calculate Industrial Energy Consumption
Calculate industrial kWh from measured kW and operating time. Includes variable-load, duty-cycle, cost, demand, reconciliation, and metering examples.
Read Full ArticleHVAC Design for Factories (12k m² Zone Load Case)
HVAC design for factories: zone sensible/latent table, OA vs exhaust, DOAS split. Free 12k m² example—500 kW coincident vs 650 kW oversize case.
Read Full ArticleHow to Calculate Transformer Rating for Your Load
Size distribution transformers in kVA: gather loads, apply diversity and power factor, add margins, pick standard kVA—includes 3-phase formulas, a worked example, and links to deeper sizing guides.
Read Full ArticleTransformer Sizing Formula (kVA = kW ÷ PF — Free Examples)
Free transformer sizing formula: base kVA = demand kW ÷ PF, then duty checks and catalog steps. Worked examples—verify instantly in the kVA calculator.
Read Full ArticlekW to kVA Formula: kVA = kW ÷ PF (+ Examples)
Use kVA = kW ÷ power factor. See worked examples, variable definitions and limits; use the kW-to-kVA tool for instant conversions.
Read Full ArticleWhen to Use kVA Instead of kW
When to use kVA instead of kW for generators, UPS, and transformers. Free decision table with PF examples—convert in the kW to kVA calculator.
Read Full ArticleHow to Calculate Voltage Drop (NEC 3%/5% Feeder Examples)
How to calculate feeder voltage drop with NEC 3%/5% limits—480 V worked example, R·X formula notes, and free calculator. Planning assumptions included.
Read Full ArticleHow to Calculate UPS Battery Size
How to calculate UPS battery size (Ah) from kW and runtime—not a solar battery bank tool. Free formula, derating, and links to the UPS battery calculator.
Read Full ArticleHVAC Load vs Capacity (Tons & BTU/h Explained)
HVAC load vs capacity explained: when tons/BTU/h miss the mark. Free examples—screen with the HVAC size calculator.
Read Full ArticleIndustrial Energy Cost Formula (kWh × $/kWh Examples)
Industrial energy cost = kW × hours × $/kWh. Free formulas and machine-line examples—pair with the energy estimator calculator.
Read Full Article3 Phase Power & Current Formula (√3·V·I·PF) + Examples
3-phase power & current: kW=√3·V·I·PF, motor FLA from HP, 208–480 V current presets. Free examples—verify with the calculator.
Read Full ArticleEnergy Efficiency Optimization for Industrial Facilities
Energy efficiency optimization for industrial facilities: measurement, ECM tactics, and ROI examples. Free strategies with formula links.
Read Full ArticleIndustrial HVAC Capacity Formula (Plant Cooling & Heating)
Industrial HVAC capacity formulas for plant cooling and heating loads. Free step-by-step examples—verify with the HVAC capacity calculator.
Read Full ArticleHVAC Capacity Calculation Examples (Tons & BTU/h)
HVAC capacity calculation examples for offices and plants—not full Manual J software. Free worked tons/BTU/h steps; use the HVAC size calculator next.
Read Full ArticlekW vs kVA: Difference, Formula & 0.8 PF Example
kW is real power; kVA is apparent power. Learn the PF formulas, a correct 0.8 PF example and when to use each; convert live values in the tool.
Read Full ArticleUPS Runtime Mistakes (Why VA≠Minutes) + Fixes
UPS runtime calculation mistakes: VA≠minutes, wrong PF, ignoring battery age. Free fixes—verify minutes in the UPS runtime calculator.
Read Full ArticleFactory Load for Plants (Diversity & Equipment Sizing)
Factory load for industrial plants: diversity, demand, and safety margin in practice. Free manufacturing examples—use the factory load calculator next.
Read Full ArticlePLC Error Code Examples (Diagnosis Walkthroughs)
PLC error code examples with step-by-step diagnosis—not a raw code list. Free walkthroughs; look up codes in the PLC error code list tool.
Read Full ArticleIndustrial UPS Sizing Guide (kVA, Runtime & N+1)
Size an industrial UPS from critical kW, power factor, overload duty, runtime and N+1. Includes a 39 kW worked example and calculator handoff.
Read Full ArticleUPS Sizing (Free Guide — kW/kVA, N+1 Redundancy & Runtime)
Size UPS kW/kVA and N+1 modules for data halls and plants—free examples, runtime steps, plus capacity, battery, and redundancy calculators.
Read Full ArticleUPS Ride-Through / Bridge Time (Backup Minutes)
UPS ride-through and bridge time for electrical backup: minutes to cover ATS and generator start. Free formula & examples—verify with runtime and battery calculators.
Read Full ArticleUPS Battery Aging: Why Runtime Minutes Drop Over Time
UPS battery aging cuts backup minutes before alarms fire. See impedance trends, EOL Ah margin, and worked examples—free formula with runtime calculator checks.
Read Full ArticleUPS Battery Temperature Derating (Heat, Cold & Altitude)
UPS battery temperature derating: how heat, cold, and altitude cut Ah and minutes. Free planning table with examples for VRLA strings and runtime checks.
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